Electronegativity Calculator
Calculate electronegativity differences, predict bond polarity, and determine ionic character of bonds.
Select Elements
Common Pairs:
Bond Type
Ionic
Electronegativity Difference: 2.23
1Na (pauling)
0.93
2Cl (pauling)
3.16
+/-Ionic Character
71.2%
ePartial Charge
0.531 e
Analysis:
- More electronegative: Cl
- Dipole direction: Na -> Cl
- Electrons shift toward: Cl
Understanding Electronegativity
Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond. Higher electronegativity means stronger attraction. The difference between two atoms' electronegativities determines bond polarity: <0.4 is nonpolar covalent, 0.4-1.7 is polar covalent, and >1.7 is ionic.
Electronegativity Scales
Pauling Scale
Based on bond dissociation energies. Most widely used.
Mulliken Scale
Average of ionization energy and electron affinity.
Allred-Rochow
Based on effective nuclear charge and covalent radius.