Helmholtz Free Energy Calculator

Calculate Helmholtz free energy (A) for processes at constant temperature and volume.

Calculation Type

Temperature (K)

Internal Energy U (J)

Entropy S (J/K)

Helmholtz Free Energy A: -2000.0000 J

Internal Energy term (U): 1000.0000 J

Entropy term (TS): 3000.0000 J

Definition: A = U - TS

From partition function: A = -kT ln(Z)

Maximum work (isothermal): W_max = -ΔA

At constant T and V:

ΔA < 0: Spontaneous

ΔA = 0: Equilibrium

ΔA > 0: Non-spontaneous

Relation to Gibbs: G = A + PV