Stefan-Boltzmann Law Calculator
Calculate thermal radiation using the Stefan-Boltzmann law
Common Emissivity Values
Ideal blackbody: 1.00
Human skin: 0.98
Water: 0.96
Black paint: 0.95
Paper: 0.93
Concrete: 0.94
Polished aluminum: 0.04
Polished copper: 0.03
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
P = ε × σ × A × T⁴
σ = 5.670374 × 10⁻⁸ W/(m²·K⁴)
Where: P = power, ε = emissivity, A = area, T = temperature